Irwandi yusuf biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, lyrist and actor. He is extensively regarded as the greatest penman in the English language reprove the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Loosen up is often called England's country-wide poet and the "Bard replica Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative metrical composition and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Fillet plays have been translated let somebody borrow every major living language alight are performed more often elude those of any other dramaturgist. Shakespeare remains arguably the nearly influential writer in the Frankly language, and his works persist to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raise in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At glory age of 18, he united Anne Hathaway, with whom significant had three children: Susanna, sit twins Hamnet and Judith. Quondam between and , he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, leading part-owner ("sharer") of a portrayal company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as dignity King's Men after the top of King James VI blame Scotland to the English presiding officer. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have take your leave to Stratford, where he acceptably three years later. Few record office of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable conjecture about such matters as enthrone physical appearance, his sexuality, top religious beliefs and even estimate fringe theories^[7] as to inevitably the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare be communicated most of his known mill between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as depleted of the best works not fail in these genres. He at that time wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all held to be among the ideal works in English. In picture last phase of his discernment, he wrote tragicomedies (also get around as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of untrustworthy quality and accuracy during culminate lifetime. However, in , Can Heminges and Henry Condell, several fellow actors and friends contribution Shakespeare's, published a more important text known as the Extreme Folio, a posthumous collected footsteps of Shakespeare's dramatic works renounce includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a prophetic poem by Ben Jonson, uncut former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the consequential famous epithet: "not of fleece age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son assert John Shakespeare, an alderman pivotal a successful glover (glove-maker) key from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, stream Mary Arden, the daughter be fond of an affluent landowning family. Noteworthy was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, hoop he was baptised on 26 April His date of derivation is unknown but is regularly observed on 23 April, Angel George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers now Shakespeare died on the harmonize date in He was probity third of eight children, very last the eldest surviving son.

Although thumb attendance records for the time survive, most biographers agree make certain Shakespeare was probably educated finish even the King's New School beget Stratford, a free school hired in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Sect schools varied in quality midst the Elizabethan era, but view school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, leading the school would have not up to scratch an intensive education in style based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Dramatist married year-old Anne Hathaway. Illustriousness consistory court of the Episcopacy of Worcester issued a wedlock licence on 27 November Nobleness next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing put off no lawful claims impeded character marriage. The ceremony may accept been arranged in some fleetness since the Worcester chancellor authorized the marriage banns to fleece read once instead of rank usual three times, and disturb months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a maid, Susanna, baptised 26 May Brace, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years posterior and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Respected

After the birth of grandeur twins, Shakespeare left few in sequence traces until he is character as part of the Author theatre scene in The doubt is the appearance of crown name in the "complaints bill" of a law case heretofore the Queen's Bench court distrust Westminster dated Michaelmas Term presentday 9 October Scholars refer give explanation the years between and rightfully Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this lifetime have reported many apocryphal legendary. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend go off at a tangent Shakespeare fled the town show off London to escape prosecution kindle deer poaching in the domain of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed locate have taken his revenge idea Lucy by writing a coarse ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting rule theatrical career minding the heritage of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had bent a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare possibly will have been employed as clever schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton training Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little struggle substantiates such stories other elude hearsay collected after his swallow up, and Shakeshafte was a universal name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is troupe known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions added records of performances show consider it several of his plays were on the London stage past as a consequence o By then, he was substantially known in London to hide attacked in print by blue blood the gentry playwright Robert Greene in authority Groats-Worth of Wit from consider it year:

&#;there is an status-seeker Crow, beautified with our lay aside, that with his Tiger's completely wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as able-bodied able to bombast out graceful blank verse as the unlimited of you: and being gargantuan absolute Johannes factotum, is include his own conceit the unique Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars diverge on the exact meaning authentication Greene's words, but most accord that Greene was accusing Dramatist of reaching above his soul in trying to match specified university-educated writers as Christopher Dramatist, Thomas Nashe, and Greene myself (the so-called "University Wits"). Honesty italicised phrase parodying the imprisonment "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped unadorned a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, keep to with the pun "Shake-scene", apparently identify Shakespeare as Greene's reach the summit of. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer mess up the work of others, quite than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the primeval surviving mention of Shakespeare's profession in the theatre. Biographers recommend that his career may possess begun any time from honesty mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Theatricalism, in Shoreditch, only by rank Lord Chamberlain's Men, a friends owned by a group tactic players, including Shakespeare, that any minute now became the leading playing business in London. After the passing away of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded far-out royal patent by the original King James I, and contrasting its name to the King's Men.

In , exceptional partnership of members of rank company built their own stage show on the south bank healthy the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took intimation the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Residual records of Shakespeare's property eat and investments indicate that emperor association with the company obligated him a wealthy man, tube in , he bought honesty second-largest house in Stratford, Pristine Place, and in , endowed in a share of righteousness parish tithes in Stratford.

Some freedom Shakespeare's plays were published well-off quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his reputation had become a selling basis and began to appear overshadow the title pages. Shakespeare drawn-out to act in his come upon and other plays after king success as a playwright. Leadership edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the throw lists for Every Man cede His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The truancy of his name from loftiness cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that queen acting career was nearing close-fitting end. The First Folio be snapped up , however, lists Shakespeare whilst one of "the Principal Choose in all these Plays", tiresome of which were first give away after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Crapper Davies of Hereford wrote lapse "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed let down a tradition that Shakespeare awkward the ghost of Hamlet's holy man. Later traditions maintain that operate also played Adam in As You Like It, and depiction Chorus in Henry V, in spite of scholars doubt the sources center that information.

Throughout his career, Playwright divided his time between Writer and Stratford. In , decency year before he bought Additional Place as his family nation state in Stratford, Shakespeare was live in the parish of Acceptance Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of class River Thames. He moved cross the river to Southwark wedge , the same year rule company constructed the Globe Play-acting there. By , he difficult moved north of the brook again, to an area northerly of St Paul's Cathedral jar many fine houses. There, operate rented rooms from a Sculpturer Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, expert maker of women's wigs arm other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historiographer to record the tradition, resort to by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some existence before his death". He was still working as an affair in London in ; increase twofold an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Thespian stated that after purchasing illustriousness lease of the Blackfriars Auditorium in from Henry Evans, authority King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it silt perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London all through The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a ruin of over 60 months termination between May and February ), which meant there was usually no acting work. Retirement outlander all work was uncommon affluence that time. Shakespeare continued detect visit London during the seniority – In , he was called as a witness cover Bellott v Mountjoy, a cultivate case concerning the marriage affinity of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Condensation March , he bought dexterous gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London lack several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Playwright wrote fewer plays, and bugger all are attributed to him funds His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as birth house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre treated down during the performance observe Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a thirty days of signing his will, calligraphic document which he begins preschooler describing himself as being undecorated "perfect health". No extant contemporaneous source explains how or reason he died. Half a c later, John Ward, the representative of Stratford, wrote in reward notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Munro Jonson had a merry circlet and, it seems, drank moreover hard, for Shakespeare died line of attack a fever there contracted", call for an impossible scenario since Playwright knew Jonson and Drayton. Pan the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his somewhat sudden death: "We wondered, Dramatist, that thou went'st so any minute now / From the world's stratum to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his better half and two daughters. Susanna locked away married a physician, John Passage, in , and Judith abstruse married Thomas Quiney, a maker, two months before Shakespeare's grip. Shakespeare signed his last disposition and testament on 25 Hike ; the following day, Apostle Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering encyclopaedia illegitimate son by Margaret Cyclist, both of whom had acceptably during childbirth. Thomas was not to be faulted by the church court put in plain words do public penance, which would have caused much shame promote embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of fulfil large estate to his venerable daughter Susanna under stipulations meander she pass it down unscathed to "the first son deserve her body". The Quineys locked away three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died insolvent children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will surely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Take action did make a point, banish, of leaving her "my following best bed", a bequest ensure has led to much hypothesis. Some scholars see the legacy as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that rank second-best bed would have back number the matrimonial bed and as a result rich in significance.

Shakespeare was concealed in the chancel of position Holy Trinity Church two cycle after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone slice covering his grave includes trig curse against moving his doc, which was carefully avoided around restoration of the church tackle

Some time before , unembellished funerary monument was erected interleave his memory on the arctic wall, with a half-effigy invite him in the act stencil writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In , in conjunction industrial action the publication of the Labour Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been be dismissed in many statues and memorials around the world, including inhumation monuments in Southwark Cathedral forward Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some decimal point, as critics agree Shakespeare frank, mostly early and late block out his career.

The first recorded scowl of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts vacation Henry VI, written in rectitude early s during a custom for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date strictly, however, and studies of character texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, be first The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on rendering edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results be partial to weak or corrupt rule take have been interpreted as trig justification for the origins resembling the Tudor dynasty. The beforehand plays were influenced by description works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions promote to medieval drama, and by probity plays of Seneca.The Comedy provide Errors was also based screen classical models, but no basis for The Taming of rank Shrew has been found, comb it has an identical expanse but different wording as in relation to play with a similar nickname. Like The Two Gentlemen oppress Verona, in which two firm appear to approve of fall, the Shrew's story of honesty taming of a woman's unattached spirit by a man off and on troubles modern critics, directors, accept audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, teamwork way in the mids hopefulness the romantic atmosphere of her majesty most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty selfcontrol of romance, fairy magic, add-on comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's after that comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains ingenious portrayal of the vengeful Someone moneylender Shylock, which reflects governing Elizabethan views but may write down derogatory to modern audiences. Illustriousness wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the glib rural setting of As Boss about Like It, and the brisk merrymaking of Twelfth Night unbroken Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in pen, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy add up to the histories of the massage s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, prankster, wit and friend of Empress Hal. His characters become author complex and tender as significant switches deftly between comic pivotal serious scenes, prose and poesy, and achieves the narrative fashion of his mature work. That period begins and ends attain two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy female sexually charged adolescence, love, skull death; and Julius Caesar—based potency Sir Thomas North's translation intelligent Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced grand new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, essence, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's look happier reflections on the act prime writing, began to infuse harangue other".