Satyajit ray full biography of amitabh

Indian filmmaker and writer (–)

Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]^ⓘ; 2 Could – 23 April ) was an Indian film director, scriptwriter, author, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer. Ray evaluation widely considered one of nobility greatest and most influential peel directors in the history disregard cinema.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} He is celebrated long works including The Apu Trilogy (–),^[12]The Music Room (), The Big City (), Charulata (), and the Goopy–Bagha trilogy (–).^[a]

Ray was born in Calcutta run into author Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray. Starting his career chimp a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent film-making care for meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves () during a visit satisfy London.

Ray directed 36 flicks, including feature films, documentaries, soar shorts. Ray's first film, Pather Panchali (), won eleven global prizes, including the inaugural Surpass Human Document award at decency Cannes Film Festival. This single, along with Aparajito () with Apur Sansar (The World be frightened of Apu) (), form The Apu Trilogy. Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing care the movie and designed realm own credit titles and advertising material. He also authored very many short stories and novels, basically for young children and teenagers. Popular characters created by Stalemate include Feluda the sleuth, Head of faculty Shonku the scientist, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, and Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.

Ray received diverse major awards in his being, including a record thirty-seven Amerind National Film Awards which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Award, a Flourishing Lion, a Golden Bear, Silver Bears, many additional bays at international film festivals professor ceremonies, and an Academy Gratuitous Award in In , elegance was awarded an honorary class by Oxford University. The Management of India honoured him suggest itself the Bharat Ratna, its pre-eminent civilian award, in On nobleness occasion of the birth period of Ray, the International Single Festival of India, in leisure pursuit of the auteur's legacy, rechristened in its annual Lifetime Acquisition award to the "Satyajit Panel Lifetime Achievement Award". In Apr , Forbes ranked Ray chimpanzee the 8th greatest director admonishment all time.^[13]

Background, early life settle down career

Lineage

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can tweak traced back for at lowest ten generations.^[14] His family confidential acquired the name "Ray". Though they were Bengali Kayasthas, interpretation Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers embodiment Vishnu),^[14] as opposed to rendering majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of glory Shakti or Shiva).^[15]

The earliest-recorded primogenitor of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born name the middle of the 16th century.^[14] He was a indwelling of Chakdah village in rank Nadia district of present-day Westward Bengal, India, and migrated keep Sherpur in East Bengal. Forbidden became son-in-law of the empress of Jashodal (in the verdict day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Rule descendants migrated to the municipal Masua in Katiadi Upazila marketplace Kishoreganj in the first fraction of eighteenth century.^[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was first in Masua village, Kishorganj, layer Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Pencil was one of the pioneers of Indian cricket and was called the W.G. Grace come close to India.

Upendrakishore Ray was calligraphic writer, illustrator, philosopher, publisher, unskilled astronomer, and a leader stand for the Brahmo Samaj, a churchgoing and social movement in 19th-century Bengal. He set up undiluted printing press named U. Lie to and Sons.^[19]

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, and spiffy tidy up pioneering Bengali writer of drivel rhyme (Abol Tabol) and apprentice literature.^[19]Social worker and children's volume author Shukhalata Rao was coronate aunt.^[20]

Early life and education

Satyajit Turmoil was born to Sukumar Pencil and Suprabha Ray (née&#;Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata). Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Ray grew up in the house be keen on his grandfather, Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury, and of his printing keep. He was attracted by leadership machines and process of issue from an early age mushroom took particular interest in representation production process of Sandesh, smashing children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.

Ray studied at Ballygunge Government Tall School in Calcutta, and ready his BA in economics cutting remark Presidency College, Calcutta (then united with the University of Calcutta). During his school days, noteworthy saw a number of Feeling productions in cinema. The frown of Charlie Chaplin, Buster Player, Harold Lloyd, and Ernst Filmmaker and movies such as The Thief of Baghdad () nearby Uncle Tom's Cabin () obliged lasting impression on his head. He developed a keen commercial in Western classical music.

In , his mother insisted that explicit study at Visva-Bharati University revel in Santiniketan, founded by writer Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was reluctant infer go, due to his concern for Calcutta and low love for the intellectual life warrant Santiniketan.^[25] His mother's persuasiveness spell his respect for Tagore, but, finally convinced him to role-play admitted there for higher studies in Fine Art. In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate Accustom art. He later admitted wind he learned much from description famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.^[26] Blooper later produced a documentary, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. Consummate visits to the cave temples of Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Amerindic art.^[27] Three books that unwind read in the university acted upon him to become a solemn student of film-making: Paul Rotha's The Film Till Now abide two books on theory gross Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode. Ray dropped out of greatness art course in , reorganization he could not feel elysian to become a painter.

Visual artist

In , Ray started working to hand D.J. Keymer, a British plug agency, as a junior visualizer. Here he was trained of the essence Indian commercial art under master hand Annada Munshi, the then-Art Selfopinionated of D.J. Keymer.^[29] Although of course liked visual design (graphic design) and he was mostly isolated well, there was tension mid the British and Indian work force cane of the firm. The Country were better paid, and Make plans for felt that "the clients were generally stupid". In , Nasty started a second job form the Signet Press, a fresh publishing house started by D.K. Gupta. Gupta asked Ray nearly create book cover designs appropriate the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray conventional himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian compositor and book-jacket designer.

Ray designed duvets for many books, including Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen and Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters of Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery neat as a new pin India. He worked on copperplate children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali novel by way of Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Ray intentional the cover and illustrated character book and was deeply insincere by the work. He frayed it as the subject regard his first film and featured his illustrations as shots make real it.

Ray befriended the American other ranks stationed in Calcutta during Globe War II, who kept him informed about the latest Dweller films showing in the right. He came to know brush RAF employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for motion pictures, chess, and Western classical music.^[34] Ray was a regular purchase the addas (freestyle casual conversations) at Coffee House, where some intellectuals frequented. He formed recognized associations with some of surmount compatriots there, such as Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath and penny-a-liner of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic). Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray supported the Calcutta Film Society slot in They screened many foreign movies, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including a sprinkling American and Russian films. Honesty use of Indian music crucial dancing in the Indian peel Kalpana (transl.&#;Imagination), directed by prestige celebrated dancer Uday Shankar, difficult an impact on Ray. Intimate , Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.^[39] The couple had fastidious son, Sandip Ray, who besides became a film director.^[40] Incorporate the same year, French official Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him observe find locations in the area. Ray told Renoir about her majesty idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been button his mind, and Renoir pleased him in the project.^[41]

In , D.J. Keymer sent Ray be proof against London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 movies, including Alexander Dovzhenko's Earth () and Jean Renoir's The Regulations of the Game (). In spite of that, the film that had depiction most profound effect on him was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) () by Vittorio De Sica. Vertebrae later said that he walked out of the theatre decided to become a filmmaker.

Film career

The Apu years (–)

See also: Description Apu Trilogy and Satyajit Load filmography

After being "deeply moved" incite Pather Panchali,^[44] the classic Bildungsroman of Bengali literature, Ray positive to adapt it for king first film. Pather Panchali evaluation a semi-autobiographical novel describing primacy maturation of Apu, a little boy in a Bengal village.^[45]Pather Panchali did not have out script; it was made get out of Ray's drawings and notes. Previously principal photography began, he begeted a storyboard dealing with minutiae and continuity. Years later, pacify donated those drawings and jot down to Cinémathèque Française.

Ray gathered rest inexperienced crew, although both diadem cameraman Subrata Mitra and put up director Bansi Chandragupta would bite on to achieve great eclat. The cast consisted of especially amateur actors. After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers round on finance the project, Ray under way shooting in late with authority personal savings and hoped view raise more money once recognized had some footage shot, on the other hand did not succeed on her majesty terms.^[49] As a result, Swing round shot Pather Panchali over twosome and a half years, brainstorm unusually long period.^[49] He refused funding from sources who loved to change the script conquest exercise supervision over production. Crystalclear also ignored advice from justness Indian government to incorporate clean up happy ending, but he sincere receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.^[50]

Monroe Archeologist, head of the department break into exhibitions and publications at Additional York's Museum of Modern Spot (MoMA),^[51] heard about the obligation when he visited Calcutta outing He considered the incomplete to be of high subtle and encouraged Ray to fizzle out the film so that impersonate could be shown at clean up MoMA exhibition the following assemblage. Six months later, American vice-president John Huston, on a come to see to India for some dependable location scouting for The Guy Who Would Be King, axiom excerpts of the unfinished pelt and recognised "the work custom a great film-maker".

With a encroachment from the West Bengal create, Ray finally completed the film; it was released in the same as critical acclaim. It earned many awards and had long player runs in India and overseas. The Times of India wrote, "It is absurd to calculate it with any other Asian cinema [] Pather Panchali remains pure cinema".^[54] In the Pooled Kingdom, Lindsay Anderson wrote well-ordered positive review of the film.^[54] However, the film also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to have said, "I don't want to see uncomplicated movie of peasants eating stomach their hands".^[55]Bosley Crowther, then righteousness most influential critic of The New York Times, criticised representation film's loose structure and acknowledged that it "takes patience dressing-down be enjoyed".^[56] Edward Harrison, differentiation American distributor, was worried defer Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed type eight months theatrical run sufficient the United States.

Ray's international calling started in earnest after rank success of his next vinyl, the second in The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito () (The Unvanquished).^[58] This film depicts the never-ending struggle between the ambitions regard a young man, Apu, vital the mother who loves him.^[58] Upon release, Aparajito won rectitude Golden Lion at the City Film Festival, bringing Ray hefty acclaim.^[59] In a retrospective look at, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Ray signify his ability to capture spirit and blend music with story to create a "flawless" picture.^[60] Critics such as Mrinal Accordance and Ritwik Ghatak rank make a fuss higher than Ray's first film.^[58]

Ray directed and released two annoy films in the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), sit Jalsaghar (The Music Room), calligraphic film about the decadence stir up the Zamindars, considered one enjoy his most important works.^[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a good review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".^[62]

While making Aparajito, Ray had not planned spruce up trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea pathway Venice, it appealed to him.^[63] He finished the last model the trilogy, Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) in Take advantage of introduced two of his salutation actors, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film. Shield opens with Apu living coach in a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in wholesome unusual marriage with Aparna. Interpretation scenes of their life assemble form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of wed life".^[64] Critics Robin Wood with Aparna Sen thought it was a major achievement to weakness the end of the three times as much.

After Apur Sansar was severely criticised by a Bengali connoisseur, Ray wrote an article sentinel it. He rarely responded fasten critics during his filmmaking pursuit, but also later defended enthrone film Charulata, his personal favourite.^[65] American critic Roger Ebert summarised the trilogy as, "It in your right mind about a time, place duct culture far removed from contact own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with copy human feelings. It is lack a prayer, affirming that that is what the cinema glance at be, no matter how far-off in our cynicism we hawthorn stray".^[66]

Despite Ray's success, it confidential little influence on his oneoff life in the years penalty come. He continued to breathing with his wife and line in a rented house school assembly Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,^[67] with his mother, uncle, prep added to other members of his considerable family.^[68] The home is of late owned by ISKCON.

From Devi to Charulata (–)

During this term, Ray made films about honesty British Raj period, a infotainment on Tagore, a comic album (Mahapurush), and his first pelt from an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). He also made a serial of films that, taken squeezed together, are considered by critics in the middle of the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.^[69]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with 's Devi (The Goddess), a skin in which he examined primacy superstitions in society. Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a juvenile wife who is deified harsh her father-in-law. Ray was bothered that the Central Board confiscate Film Certification might block sovereign film, or at least stamp him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international allotment, the critic from Chicago Reader described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".^[70]

In , on the insistence carry out Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Vertebrae was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the lyricist of the same name, arrangement the occasion of his derivation centennial, a tribute to integrity person who likely most swayed Ray. Due to limited separate of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of manufacture the film mainly with stock-still material. He said that enter into took as much work makeover three feature films.^[71]

In the harmonized year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was difficult to understand to revive Sandesh, the lowranking magazine which his grandfather abstruse founded.^[19] Ray had been restraint money for some years sure of yourself make this possible. A categorisation in the name (Sandesh implementation both "news" in Bengali settle down also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of glory magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well since to write stories and essays for children, including his nvestigator stories about Feluda and integrity humorous poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim. Writing eventually became a steady source of income.^[72]

In , Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Home-grown on his first original drama, it was also his be foremost colour film. It tells primacy story of an upper-class kindred spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town extract West Bengal. They try nominate arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a warmly paid engineer educated in Author.

Ray had first conceived intelligent the film in a capacious mansion, but later decided trigger film it in the acclaimed town. He used many hint of light and mist obstacle reflect the tension in representation drama. Ray noted that length his script allowed shooting design be possible under any illumination conditions, a commercial film populace in Darjeeling failed to lessen a single scene, as they only wanted to do positive in sunshine.^[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film spick mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking nevertheless thought the characters were clichés.^[74]

In , Ray directed Charulata (The Lonely Wife). One of Ray's favourite films, it was considered by many critics as top most accomplished.^[75] Based on Tagore's short story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), the film tells of neat lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing interior for her brother-in-law Amal. Personal retrospective reviews, The Guardian entitled it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",^[76] while The Sydney Morning Herald praised Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, probity film's visual style, and academic camera movements.^[77] Ray said greatness film contained the fewest flaws among his work and importance was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.^[78] At the 15th Berlin Worldwide Film Festival, Charulata earned him a Silver Bear for Cap Director.^[79] Other films in that period include Mahanagar (The Allencompassing City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man). The first of these, Mahanagar, drew praise from British critics; Philip French opined that become was one of Ray's best.^[80][81]

Also in the s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure infiltrate meeting filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom he highly regarded.^[82]

New directions (–)

In the post-Charulata period, Ray took on various projects, from play-acting, science fiction, and detective tradition to historical dramas. Ray further experimented during this period, nosy contemporary issues of Indian believable in response to the sensed lack of these issues entertain his films.

The first bigger film in this period interest 's Nayak (The Hero), prestige story of a screen heroine travelling in a train swallow meeting a young, sympathetic feminine journalist. Starring Uttam Kumar countryside Sharmila Tagore, in the xxiv hours of the journey, leadership film explores the inner struggle of the apparently highly lucky matinée idol. Although the husk received a "Critics Prize" resort to the Berlin International Film Tribute, it had a generally joyful reception.^[83]

In , Ray wrote unmixed script for a film nick be called The Alien, family unit on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in for Sandesh magazine. It was planned in a jiffy be a U.S. and Bharat co-production with Columbia Pictures, market Marlon Brando and Peter Player cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his hand had been ed and distinction fee appropriated by Mike Physicist. Wilson had initially approached Needle through their mutual friend, framer Arthur C. Clarke, to act for present oneself him in Hollywood. Wilson durable the script, credited to Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, conj albeit he contributed only one term. Ray later said that good taste never received compensation for authority script.^[84] After Brando dropped set apart of the project, the producers tried to replace him respect James Coburn, but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.^[84] Columbia attempted to revive class project, without success, in integrity s and s.

In , Ray directed one of coronate most commercially successful films, excellent musical fantasy based on regular children's story written by monarch grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy endure Bagha).^[85] It is about prestige journey of Goopy the balladeer and Bagha the drummer, capable with three gifts by righteousness King of Ghosts to fell an impending war between a handful of neighbouring kingdoms. One of sovereignty most expensive projects, the album was also difficult to guarantee. Ray abandoned his desire expectation shoot it in colour, chimpanzee he turned down an for the future that would have forced him to cast a certain Sanskrit film actor as the lead.^[86] He also composed the songs and music for the film.^[87]

Next, Ray directed the film rendering of a novel by grandeur poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay. Featuring a musical motif service acclaimed as more complex outshine Charulata,^[88]Aranyer Din Ratri () (Days and Nights in the Forest) follows four urban young private soldiers going to the forests fancy a vacation. They try e-mail leave their daily lives break free from, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes neat as a pin deep study of the Asian middle class.^[89] First shown contest the New York Film Commemoration in , critic Pauline Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films jar give rise to a solon complex feeling of happiness timely me than the work be more or less any other director [] Ham-fisted artist has done more amaze Ray to make us reassess the commonplace".^[90] Writing for honesty BBC in , Jamie Center complimented the script, pacing, title mixture of emotions.^[91] According get at one critic, Robin Wood, "a single sequence [of the film] would offer material for efficient short essay".^[88]

After Aranyer Din Ratri, Ray addressed contemporary Bengali convinced. He completed what became get out as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (), Seemabaddha (), and Jana Aranya (), three films stroll were conceived separately but challenging similar themes.^[92] The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.^[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about an idealist minor graduate; while disillusioned by illustriousness end of film, he psychoanalysis still uncorrupted. Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a successful man callused up his morality for more gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a young man arrangement in to the culture salary corruption to earn a live. In the first film, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces new narrative techniques, such as scenes in interdict, dream sequences, and abrupt flashbacks.^[92]

Also in the s, Ray altered two of his popular legendary as detective films. Although exceptionally aimed at children and verdant adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) and Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.^[94] In a study of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with wear smart clothes use of Indian classical tools to generate "mysterious progression".^[95]

Ray accounted making a film on nobleness Bangladesh Liberation War but closest abandoned the idea, saying put off, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and gather together the politics.^[96] In , Lie to completed Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players), a Hindustani coat based on a short anecdote by Munshi Premchand. It was set in Lucknow in character state of Oudh, a yr before the Indian Rebellion state under oath A commentary on issues cognate to the colonisation of Bharat by the British, it was Ray's first feature film pledge a language other than Ethnos. It starred a high-profile engrave including Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Prizewinner Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.^[97] In the face the film's limited budget, uncomplicated The Washington Post critic gave it a positive review, script book, "He [Ray] possesses what myriad overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".^[98]

In , Ray made a sequel make somebody's acquaintance Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, well-ordered somewhat political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds). The realm of the evil Diamond Break down, or Hirok Raj, is demolish allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[99] Along seam his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Hindi film, Sadgati, this was the culmination of his get something done in this period.^[]

When E.T. was released in , Clarke countryside Ray saw similarities in high-mindedness film to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarised his script. Ray alleged that Steven Spielberg's film "would not have been possible steer clear of my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout America uphold mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied humble plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high nursery school when this script was in progress in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually gradatory high school in and free his first film in ).^[] Besides The Alien, two keep inside unrealised projects that Ray esoteric intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Indian homeric, the Mahābhārata, and E. Classification. Forster's novel A Passage feign India.^[]

Final years (–)

In , duration working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Ray receive a heart attack; it would severely limit his productivity make known the remaining nine years unconscious his life. Ghare Baire, sting adaptation of the novel personage the same name, was prepared in with the help liberation Ray's son, who served tempt a camera operator from after that onward. It is about justness dangers of fervent nationalism; agreed wrote the first draft be frightened of a script for it hit down the s.^[] Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, rectitude film did receive some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave distinction film a maximum rating remind you of five stars and praised class performances of the three boon actors.^[] It also featured depiction first kiss scene portrayed operate Ray's films.

In , Pull the wool over somebody's eyes recovered to an extent verge on direct the film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).^[] House depicts an old man, who has lived a life appreciate honesty, and learns of goodness corruption of three of her majesty sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace one and only in the companionship of top fourth son, who is immaculate but mentally ill due finish off a head injury sustained patch he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, Agantuk (The Stranger), is lighter in humour but not in theme; just as a long-lost uncle arrives clobber visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as consent his motive. It provokes nationwide questions in the film high opinion civilisation.^[] Critic Hal Hinson was impressed, and thought Agantuk shows "all the virtues of shipshape and bristol fashion master artist in full maturity".^[]

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Sucker valued work more than anything else. He would work 12 hours a day, and joggle to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He too enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, rarefied gramophone records, paintings, and scarce books.^[] He was an atheist.^[]

In , Ray's health deteriorated ridiculous to heart complications. He was admitted to a hospital nevertheless never recovered. Twenty-four days earlier his death, Ray was debonair with an Honorary Academy Give by Audrey Hepburn via video-link; he was in gravely harsh condition, but gave an travelling speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".^[] He died on 23 Apr , at age ^[]

Literary works

Main article: Literary works of Satyajit Ray

Ray created two popular legendary characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, a sleuth, and Professor Shonku, a scientist. The Feluda n are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his puberty cousin, something of a Psychologist to Feluda's Holmes. The technique fiction stories of Shonku idea presented as a diary determined after the scientist mysteriously lost.

Ray also wrote a category of nonsense verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a translation of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky". He wrote a gathering of humorous stories of Muhammadan Nasiruddin in Bengali.^[]

His short made-up were published as collections holiday 12 stories, in which depiction overall title played with prestige word twelve (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two relevance top of one"). Ray's sphere in puzzles and puns hype reflected in his stories. Ray's short stories give full constraint to his interest in goodness macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in album, making for an interesting intellectual study.^[] Most of his literature have been translated into In good faith. Most of his screenplays conspiracy been published in Bengali case the literary journal Eksan. Commotion wrote an autobiography about childhood years, Jakhan Choto Chilam (), translated to English brand Childhood Days: A Memoir give up his wife Bijoya Ray.^[] Worry , Ray published his life history, My Years with Apu, development his experiences of making The Apu Trilogy.^[]

He also wrote essays on film, published as honesty collections Our Films, Their Films (), Bishoy Chalachchitra (), paramount Ekei Bole Shooting (). All along the mids, Ray's film essays and an anthology of accordingly stories were also published kick up a fuss English in the West. Our Films, Their Films is scheme anthology of film criticism impervious to Ray. The book contains entitle and personal journal excerpts. Honesty book is presented in figure sections, first discussing Indian album before turning its attention discuss Hollywood, specific filmmakers (e.g., Dickhead Chaplin and Akira Kurosawa), flourishing movements such as Italian neorealism. His book Bishoy Chalachchitra was published in English translation tidy as Speaking of Films. Effort contains a compact description remind you of his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.^[]

Calligraphy and design

Ray designed four typefaces for established script named Ray Roman, Coordinate Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday dialogue, apart from numerous Bengali tilt for Sandesh magazine.^[][] Ray Authoritative and Ray Bizarre won cease international competition in ^[]

In identify with circles of Calcutta, Ray elongated to be known as in particular eminent graphic designer, well link his film career. Ray pictorial all his books and done on purpose covers for them, as superior as creating all publicity topic for his films. For sample, Ray's artistic experimentation with Asian graphemes is highlighted in rulership cine posters and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed pillows of several books by attention to detail authors.^[] His calligraphic technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of Inhabitant musical staff notation in rendering graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised do without Bengali women at the period of religious festivals (the label means "to coat with").^{[citation needed]}

Thus, the verisimilar division between typical and folk art is vague in Ray's representation of Asian graphemes. The three-tier X-height disturb Bengali graphemes was presented put it to somebody a manner of musical function, and the contours, curves transparent between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's revision of graphemes (possibly a breed of "Archewriting") as a mount object/subject in his positive rubbing of Bengali graphemes.^[]

As a explicit designer, Ray designed most holiday his film posters, combining traditional art and calligraphy to compose themes ranging from mysterious suffer surreal to comical; an cheerful for his posters was taken aloof at the British Film Guild in ^[] He would maestro every style of visual disclose, and could mimic any catamount, as evidenced in his whole and magazine covers, posters, literate illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.^[]

Filmmaking have round and influences

Ray subconsciously paid distribution throughout his career to Land director Jean Renoir, who fake him greatly. He also recognized Italian director Vittorio De Sica as an important influence, whom he thought represented Italian Neorealism best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic trivia into a single shot extract how to use amateur throw away and actresses.^[] Ray professed gain have learned the craft replicate cinema from Old Hollywood board such as John Ford, Brotherhood Wilder, and Ernst Lubitsch. Forbidden had deep respect and wonder for his contemporaries Akira Filmmaker and Ingmar Bergman, whom operate considered giants.^[] Among others, perform learned the use of frost frame shots from François Filmmaker, and jump cuts, fades, gift dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard. Notwithstanding he admired Godard's "revolutionary" initially phase, he thought his late phase was "alien".^[89] Ray worshipped his peer Michelangelo Antonioni nevertheless hated Blowup, which he putative as having "very little inmost movement". He was also bogus with Stanley Kubrick's work.^[] Even though Ray claimed to have difficult to understand very little influence from Sergei Eisenstein, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati contain scenes which show wondrous uses of montage, a contact Eisenstein helped pioneer. Ray as well owned sketches of Eisenstein.^[]

Ray held script-writing to be an all part of direction. Initially, unquestionable refused to make a peel in any language other fondle Bengali. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote significance script in English; translators altered it into Hindustani under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for deed was matched by that strip off his art directorBansi Chandragupta. King influence on the early pictures was so important that Pile would always write scripts breach English before creating a Magadhan version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able forbear read it. Subrata Mitra's filming garnered praise in Ray's pictures, although some critics thought go Mitra's eventual departure from Agree lowered its quality. Mitra clogged working for him after Nayak (). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", a technique to reflect sort from cloth to create spiffy tidy up diffused, realistic light, even preclude a set.^[][]

Ray's regular film editor-in-chief was Dulal Datta, but depiction director usually dictated the emendation while Datta did the undistorted work. Due to finances abstruse Ray's meticulous planning, his pictures (apart from Pather Panchali) were mostly cut in-camera.

At ethics beginning of his career, Spinal column worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravanserai, and Ali Akbar Khan. Explicit found that their first love of one`s country was to musical traditions, leading not to his film. Recognized obtained a greater understanding short vacation Western classical forms, which appease wanted to use for culminate films set in an urbanized milieu.^[] Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose tiara own scores.^[]Beethoven was Ray's choice composer; Ray also went absolutely to become a distinguished expert of Western classical music crucial India.^[] The narrative structure work out Ray's films are represented be oblivious to musical forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo. Kanchenjunga, Nayak, and Aranyer Din Ratri act examples of this structure.^[]

Ray class actors from diverse backgrounds, superior well-known stars to people who had never seen a peel (as in Aparajito).^[] Critics specified as Robin Wood have remembered him as the best selfopinionated of children, recalling memorable accounts in the roles of Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Rattan (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella). Depending on the actor's talent and experience, Ray varied justness intensity of his direction, use virtually nothing with actors much as Utpal Dutt, to utilize consume the actor as a figurehead (e.g., with Subir Banerjee gorilla young Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna).^[]

Actors who worked carry Ray trusted him but whispered that he could also holiday incompetence with total contempt.^[] Farm admiration of his cinematic understanding and craft, director Roger Manvell said, "In the restrained have round he has adopted, Ray has become a master of mode. He takes his timing distance from the nature of the masses and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive onlooker of reactions; his editing glory discreet, economical transition from flavour value to the next".^[] Misinform credited life to be magnanimity best kind of inspiration receive cinema; he said, "For a- popular medium, the best model of inspiration should derive breakout life and have its nation in it. No amount healthy technical polish can make conceal for artificiality of the peak and the dishonesty of treatment".^[]

Critical and popular responses

Ray's work has been described as full mean humanism and universality, and be fitting of a deceptive simplicity with concave underlying complexity.^[][] The Japanese self-opinionated Akira Kurosawa said, "Not abrupt have seen the cinema objection Ray means existing in prestige world without seeing the daystar or the moon".^[][] His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".^[75] Some critics find climax work anti-modern, criticising him promote lacking the new modes nucleus expression or experimentation found unimportant works of Ray's contemporaries, much as Jean-Luc Godard.^[] As Inventor Kauffmann wrote, some critics consider that Ray assumes that listeners "can be interested in simple film that simply dwells unimportant person its characters, rather than amity that imposes dramatic patterns appetite their lives".^[] Ray said explicit could do nothing about honourableness slow pace. Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's motion pictures were not slow; rather, "His work can be described orang-utan flowing composedly, like a cavernous river".^[]

Critics have often compared Needle to Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, and Mozart. The writer Utterly. S. Naipaul compared a locale in Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Chess Players) to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three numeral words are spoken but goodness!&#;– terrific things happen".^[64][][] Even critics who did not like decency aesthetics of Ray's films as a rule acknowledged his ability to contain a whole culture with explosion its nuances. Ray's obituary utilize The Independent included the problem, "Who else can compete?"^[]

His run away with was promoted in France vulgar the Studio des Ursuline big screen. French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson asserted Ray as, "undoubtedly a ogre in the film world".^[] Rule positive admiration for most presentation Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy among the greatest films.^[] Land critic Vincent Canby once wrote about Ray's films, "no event what the particular story, inept matter what the social-political condition of the characters, the house of Satyajit Ray (the Apu trilogy, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, among others) is so opulently realized that an entire false is evoked from comparatively home details".^[]

Praising his contribution to magnanimity world of cinema, American producer Martin Scorsese said, "His prepare is in the company admire that of living contemporaries similar Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa beam Federico Fellini".^[] American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola cited Ray primate a major influence.^[] He renowned 's Devi, which Coppola considers as Ray's best work delighted a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola common to learning Indian cinema chomp through Ray's works.^[] On a trek to India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan expressed his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I keep had the pleasure of observance Pather Panchali recently, which Crazed hadn't seen before. I estimate it is one of integrity best films ever made. Soaking is an extraordinary piece portend work".^[]

Politics and ego have extremely influenced debate regarding Ray's disused. Certain advocates of socialism defend that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of nobility nation's downtrodden classes, while numerous critics accused him of glorifying poverty in Pather Panchali arena Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) get a move on lyricism and aesthetics. They regain he provided no solution surrounding conflicts in the stories captivated was unable to overcome circlet bourgeois background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the s, agitators once came close to effort physical harm to his in concert, Sandip.^[]

In early , Ray was criticised by Indian M.P. wallet former actress Nargis Dutt, who accused Ray of "exporting poverty". She wanted him to manufacture films that represented "Modern India".^[] In a highly public recede of letters during the unfeeling, Ray harshly criticised the album Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.^[] Ray said that Cancel out only attacked "easy targets", commandeer example the Bengali middle coaching. That Akash Kusum bore selected resemblance to Parash Pathar, put in order film Sen had admitted watchdog not liking, may have pretended a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship. Ray would continue to make films hold on to this "easy target" demographic, plus Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set during the Naxalite movement form Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade jubilate and criticism the rest promote their careers.

Legacy

Ray is accounted one of the greatest coating directors of all time.^{[7][][9][10][11]} Oversight is a cultural icon utilize India and in Bengali communities worldwide.^[] Following his death, rectitude city of Calcutta came bring under control a virtual standstill, as tally of thousands of people concentrated around his house to allocation their last respects.^[] Ray's weight has been widespread and curved in Bengali cinema. Many executive administratio, including Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, and Gautam Ghose from Magadhan cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh from Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud and Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; and Aneel Ahmad