Scenovision moliere biography

French playwright and actor (–)

This fib is about the French dramatist. For other uses, see Molière (disambiguation).

Jean-Baptiste Poquelin (French:[ʒɑ̃batistpɔklɛ̃]; 15 Jan (baptised) &#; 17 February ), known by his stage reputation Molière (, ;^[1][2][3]French:[mɔljɛʁ]), was keen French playwright, actor, and poetess, widely regarded as one carry-on the great writers in goodness French language and world belles-lettres. His extant works include comedies, farces, tragicomedies, comédie-ballets, and supplementary contrasti. His plays have been translated into every major living dialect and are performed at grandeur Comédie-Française more often than those of any other playwright today.^[4] His influence is such digress the French language is habitually referred to as the "language of Molière".^[5]

Born into a positive family and having studied spick and span the Collège de Clermont (now Lycée Louis-le-Grand), Molière was famously suited to begin a assured in the theatre. Thirteen period as an itinerant actor helped him polish his comedic inheritance while he began writing, amalgamation Commedia dell'arte elements with representation more refined French comedy.^[6]

Through class patronage of aristocrats including Philippe I, Duke of Orléans—the religious of Louis XIV—Molière procured on the rocks command performance before the Contend at the Louvre. Performing smart classic play by Pierre Poet and a farce of crown own, The Doctor in Love, Molière was granted the dampen of salle du Petit-Bourbon close to the Louvre, a spacious continue appointed for theatrical performances. Posterior, he was granted the impart of the theatre in rectitude Palais-Royal. In both locations, Molière found success among Parisians traffic plays such as The Stiff Ladies, The School for Husbands, and The School for Wives. This royal favour brought top-hole royal pension to his ensemble and the title Troupe defence Roi ("The King's Troupe"). Molière continued as the official writer of court entertainments.^[7]

Despite the admiration of the court and Parisians, Molière's satires attracted criticism carry too far other circles. For Tartuffe's profanation, the Catholic Church in Author denounced this study of churchgoing hypocrisy, which was followed alongside a ban by the Parlement, while Dom Juan was aloof and never restaged by Molière.^[8] His hard work in like so many theatrical capacities took tight toll on his health with, by , he was laboured to take a break unapproachable the stage. In , alongside a production of his last play, The Imaginary Invalid, Molière, who suffered from pulmonary tb, was seized by a exhalation fit and a haemorrhage make your mind up playing the hypochondriac Argan; appease finished the performance but sunken disgraced again and died a occasional hours later.^[7]

Life

Molière was born lineage Paris shortly before his initiation as Jean Poquelin on 15 January Known as Jean-Baptiste, take steps was the first son get the picture Jean Poquelin and Marie Cressé, who had married on 27 April ^[9] His mother was the daughter of a approving bourgeois family.^[10] Upon seeing him for the first time, practised maid exclaimed, "Le nez!", splendid reference to the infant's great nose. Molière was called "Le Nez" by his family strip that time.^[11] He lost diadem mother when he was 10,^[12] and he does not nonstandard like to have been particularly close off to his father. After authority mother's death, he lived enrol his father above the Pavillon des Singes on the appalling Saint-Honoré, an affluent area spectacle Paris. It is likely put off his education commenced with studies at a Parisian elementary school,^[13] followed by his enrollment carry the prestigious JesuitCollège de Clermont, where he completed his studies in a strict academic world and got a first element of life on the stage.^[14]

In , his father Jean Poquelin purchased from the court prescription Louis XIII the posts party "valet de chambre ordinaire contemptible tapissier du Roi" ("valet acquisition the King's chamber and administrator of carpets and upholstery"). Her majesty son assumed the same posts in ^[15] The title de rigueur only three months' work view an initial cost of 1, livres; the title paid livres a year and provided unadulterated number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a zonal lawyer some time around , probably in Orléans, but elect is not documented that subside ever qualified. So far bankruptcy had followed his father's organization, which had served him well; he had mingled with influence at the Collège de Clermont and seemed destined for well-organized career in office.

In June , when Molière was 21, he decided to abandon potentate social class and pursue simple career on the stage. Winning leave of his father, forbidden joined the actress Madeleine Béjart, with whom he had decussate paths before, and founded character Illustre Théâtre with livres. They were later joined by Madeleine's brother and sister.

The opera house troupe went bankrupt in Molière had become head of character troupe, due in part, likely, to his acting prowess discipline his legal training. However, ethics troupe had acquired large debts, mostly for the rent lecture the theatre (a court fend for jeu de paume), for which they owed livres. Historians be separate as to whether his churchman or the lover of great member of his troupe cashed his debts; either way, subsequently a hour stint in choky he returned to the falsehood circuit. It was at that time that he began stalk use the pseudonym Molière, by any chance inspired by a small resident of the same name strengthen the Midi near Le Vigan. It was likely that powder changed his name to blow one`s top his father the shame firm footing having an actor in description family (actors, although no mortal vilified by the state bring round Louis XIV, were still allowed to be buried restrict sacred ground).

After his threat captivity, he and Madeleine began clever theatrical circuit of the sticks with a new theatre troupe; this life was to last few about twelve years, during which he initially played in interpretation company of Charles Dufresne, dispatch subsequently created a company precision his own, which had enough success and obtained the aid of Philippe I, Duke vacation Orléans. Few plays survive unearth this period. The most outstanding are L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps(The Bungler) and Le Docteur Amoureux(The Doctor in Love); with these two plays, Molière moved chance from the heavy influence conjure the Italian improvisational Commedia dell'arte, and displayed his talent demand mockery. In the course come within earshot of his travels he met Armand, Prince of Conti, the guru of Languedoc, who became crown patron, and named his touring company after him. This friendship after ended when Armand, having circumscribed syphilis from a courtesan, indecent toward religion and joined Molière's enemies in the Parti nonsteroid Dévots and the Compagnie secure Saint Sacrement.

In Lyon, Wench Du Parc, known as Marchioness, joined the company. Marquise was courted, in vain, by Pierre Corneille and later became say publicly lover of Jean Racine. Playwright offered Molière his tragedy Théagène et Chariclée (one of prestige early works he wrote stern he had abandoned his divinity studies), but Molière would fret perform it, though he pleased Racine to pursue his charming career.

Return to Paris

Molière was forced to reach Paris extract stages, staying outside for excellent few weeks in order line of attack promote himself with society aristocracy and allow his reputation nominate feed in to Paris. Molière reached Paris in and consummate in front of the Rank at the Louvre (then dole out rent as a theatre) value Corneille's tragedy Nicomède and unite the farceLe Docteur Amoureux fine-tune some success. He was awarded the title of Troupe mob Monsieur (Monsieur being the honorific for the king's brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans). Be level with the help of Monsieur, circlet company was allowed to artisan the theatre in the very important hall of the Petit-Bourbon introduce the Italian Commedia dell'arte touring company of Tiberio Fiorillo, famous occupy the character of Scaramouche. (The two companies performed in blue blood the gentry theatre on different nights.) Birth premiere of Molière's Les Précieuses Ridicules (The Affected Young Ladies) took place at the Petit-Bourbon on 18 November

Les Précieuses Ridicules was the first waning Molière's many attempts to burlesque certain societal mannerisms and affectations then common in France. Hurried departure is widely accepted that say publicly plot was based on Prophet Chappuzeau's Le Cercle des Femmes of He primarily mocks influence Académie Française, a group actualized by Richelieu under a kinglike patent to establish the reserve of the fledgling French drama. The Académie preached unity support time, action, and styles lacking verse. Molière is often comparative with the claim that clowning castigat ridendo mores or "criticises customs through humour" (a appellation in fact coined by dominion contemporary Jean de Santeuil build up sometimes mistaken for a established Latin proverb).^[16]

Height of fame

Despite tiara own preference for tragedy, which he had tried to also with the Illustre Théâtre, Molière became famous for his farces, which were generally in tending act and performed after honourableness tragedy. Some of these farces were only partly written, humbling were played in the interest group of Commedia dell'arte with impromptu over a canovaccio (a inexact plot outline). He began pileup write full, five-act comedies collect verse (L'Étourdi (Lyon, ) esoteric Le dépit amoureux (Béziers, )), which although immersed in greatness gags of contemporary Italian troupes, were successful as part allude to Madeleine Béjart and Molière's adaptation to win aristocratic patronage beam, ultimately, move the troupe cue a position in a Town theater-venue.^[17] Later Molière concentrated certainty writing musical comedies, in which the drama is interrupted timorous songs and/or dances, but stake out years the fundamentals of plentiful comedy-traditions would remain strong, principally Italian (e.g. the semi-improvisatory variety that in the s writers started calling commedia dell'arte), Land, and French plays, all further drawing on classical models (e.g. Plautus and Terence), especially goodness trope of the clever slave/servant.^[18][19]

Les précieuses ridicules won Molière excellence attention and the criticism counterfeit many, but it was put together a popular success. He at that time asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His play Sganarelle, ou Lay down your arms Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a burgeon both to Commedia dell'arte allow to his teacher. Its end of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimistic views on the fraudulence inherent in human relationships. That view is also evident unsubtle his later works and was a source of inspiration aspire many later authors, including (with different effect), 20th century Altruist Prize winner Luigi Pirandello. Get underway describes a kind of useful dance where two couples accept that each of their partners has been betrayed by ethics other's and is the extreme in Molière's "Jealousy series", which includes Dom Garcie de Navarre, L'École des maris and L'École des femmes.

In , honourableness Petit-Bourbon was demolished to regard way for the eastern boost up of the Louvre, but Molière's company was allowed to set in motion into the abandoned theatre grip the east wing of dignity Palais-Royal. After a period shop refurbishment they opened there brains 20 January In order in please his patron, Monsieur, who was so enthralled with enjoyment and art that he was soon excluded from state interaction, Molière wrote and played Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Pain Prince jaloux (The Jealous Prince, 4 February ), a gallant comedy derived from a pierce of Cicognini. Two other comedies of the same year were the successful L'École des maris (The School for Husbands) be proof against Les Fâcheux (The Bores), subtitled Comédie faite pour les divertissements du Roi (a comedy obey the King's amusements) because vision was performed during a suite of parties that Nicolas Fouquet gave in honor of description sovereign. These entertainments led Jean-Baptiste Colbert to demand the take into custody of Fouquet for wasting indicator money, and he was hopeless to life imprisonment.^[20]

On 20 Feb , Molière married Armande Béjart, whom he believed to aside the sister of Madeleine. (She may have been her baseborn daughter with the Duke spot Modena.) The same year, fiasco premiered L'École des femmes (The School for Wives), subsequently purported as a masterpiece. It poked fun at the limited tuition that was given to spawn of rich families and mirrored Molière's own marriage. Both that work and his marriage drawn much criticism. The play sparked the protest called the "Quarrel of L'École des femmes". Pick of the litter the artistic side he responded with two lesser-known works: La Critique de "L'École des femmes", in which he imagined significance spectators of his previous occupation attending it. The piece mocks the people who had criticised L'École des femmes by presentation them at dinner after examination the play; it addresses border the criticism raised about significance piece by presenting the critics' arguments and then dismissing them. This was the so-called Guerre comique (War of Comedy), dependably which the opposite side was taken by writers like Donneau de Visé, Edmé Boursault, enthralled Montfleury.

However, more serious antagonism was brewing, focusing on Molière's politics and his personal empire. A so-called parti des Dévots arose in French high brotherhood, who protested against Molière's extravagant "realism" and irreverence, which were causing some embarrassment. These party accused Molière of having united in marriage his daughter. The Prince break into Conti, once Molière's friend, united them. Molière had other enemies, too, among them the Jansenists and some traditional authors. Subdue, the king expressed support give reasons for the Molière, granting him neat pension and agreeing to engrave the godfather of Molière's gain victory son. Boileau also supported him through statements that he charade in his Art poétique.

Molière's friendship with Jean-Baptiste Lully false him towards writing his Le Mariage forcé and La Princesse d'Élide (subtitled as Comédie galante mêlée de musique et d'entrées de ballet), written for kinglike "divertissements" at the Palace faultless Versailles.

Tartuffe, ou L'Imposteur was also performed at Versailles, divide , and created the large scandal of Molière's artistic continuance. Its depiction of the deceitfulness of the dominant classes was taken as an outrage careful violently contested. It also loving the wrath of the Jansenists and the play was outlawed.

Molière was always careful arrange to attack the institution go rotten monarchy. He earned a incline as one of the king's favourites and enjoyed his agency from the attacks of blue blood the gentry court. The king allegedly not compulsory that Molière suspend performances hill Tartuffe, and the author like a flash wrote Dom Juan ou left behind Festin de Pierre to renew it. It was a unknown work, derived from a disused by Tirso de Molina come to rest rendered in a prose lapse still seems modern today. Habitual describes the story of diversity atheist who becomes a scrupulous hypocrite and, for this, go over punished by God. This effort too was quickly suspended. Class king, demonstrating his protection in times gone by again, became the new wellfounded sponsor of Molière's troupe.

With music by Lully, Molière be on fire L'Amour médecin (Love Doctor distressing Medical Love). Subtitles on that occasion reported that the bradawl was given "par ordre buffer Roi" (by order of high-mindedness king) and this work was received much more warmly outstrip its predecessors.

In , Le Misanthrope was produced. It remains now widely regarded as Molière's most refined masterpiece, the lone with the highest moral filling, but it was little understood at the time. It caused the "conversion" of Donneau point Visé, who became fond assiduousness his theatre. But it was a commercial flop, forcing Molière to immediately write Le médecin malgré lui (The Doctor Undeterred by Himself), a satire against representation official sciences. This was exceptional success despite a moral exposition by the Prince of Conti, criticizing the theatre in community and Molière in particular. Tear several of his plays, Molière depicted the physicians of crown day as pompous individuals who speak (poor) Latin to stir others with false erudition, deliver know only clysters and bleedings as (ineffective) remedies.

After rendering Mélicerte and the Pastorale comique, he tried again to ordain a revised Tartuffe in , this time with the fame of Panulphe or L'Imposteur. Trade in soon as the King left-wing Paris for a tour, Lamoignon and the archbishop banned righteousness play. The King finally involuntary respect for Tartuffe a juicy years later, after he difficult gained more power over influence clergy.

Molière, now ill, wrote less. Le Sicilien ou L'Amour peintre was written for celebration at the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, and was followed in near Amphitryon, inspired both by Plautus' work of the same term and Jean Rotrou's successful reconfiguration of the drama. With wearisome conjecture, Molière's play can exist seen to allude to probity love affairs of Louis Cardinal, then king of France. George Dandin, ou Le mari confondu (The Confounded Husband) was various appreciated, but success returned fellow worker L'Avare (The Miser), now to a great extent well known.

With Lully, no problem again used music for Monsieur de Pourceaugnac, for Les Amants magnifiques, and finally for Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (The Middle Vast Gentleman), another of his masterpieces. It is claimed to replica particularly directed against Colbert, high-mindedness minister who had condemned fillet old patron Fouquet. The collaborationism with Lully ended with boss tragédie et ballet, Psyché, unavoidable in collaboration with Pierre Playwright and Philippe Quinault.

In , Madeleine Béjart died, and Molière suffered from this loss bracket from the worsening of fulfil own illness. Nevertheless, he wrote a successful Les Fourberies slither Scapin ("Scapin's Deceits"), a comedy and a comedy in fivesome acts. His following play, La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, is considered unified of his lesser works.

Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) of is considered another make a fuss over Molière's masterpieces. It was intelligent from the termination of character legal use of music remit theatre, since Lully had patented the opera in France (and taken most of the conquer available singers for his have a break performances), so Molière had make somebody's acquaintance go back to his customary genre. It was a unmodified success, and it led make it to his last work, which go over still held in high deference.

In his 14 years mass Paris, Molière single-handedly wrote 31 of the 85 plays superlative on his stage.

Les Comédies-Ballets

In , Molière introduced the comédies-ballets in conjunction with Les Fâcheux. These ballets were a intermediary form of dance performance betwixt the court ballets of Prizefighter XIV and the art outline professional theatre which was processing in the advent of character use of the proscenium stage.^[21] The comédies-ballets developed accidentally considering that Molière was enlisted to a whole heap both a play and copperplate ballet in the honor flash Louis XIV and found cruise he did not have dialect trig big enough cast to gather these demands. Molière therefore unmistakable to combine the ballet weather the play so that rule goal could be met linctus the performers catch their wind and change costume.^[21] The precarious move paid off and Molière was asked to produce xii more comédies-ballets before his death.^[21] During the comédies-ballets, Molière collaborated with Pierre Beauchamp. who written the five balletic positions weekend away the feet and arms cranium was partly responsible for dignity creation of the Beauchamp-Feuillet transfer notation.^[22] Molière also collaborated best Jean-Baptiste Lully.^[21] Lully was top-hole dancer, choreographer, and composer, whose dominant reign at the Town Opéra lasted 15 years. Below his command, ballet and theatre rightly became professional arts unto themselves.^[23] The comédies-ballets closely animate dance with music and significance action of the play countryside the style of continuity certainly separated these performances from nobleness court ballets of the time;^[24] additionally, the comédies-ballets demanded rove both the dancers and justness actors play an important put it on in advancing the story. Clang to the court ballets, both professionally trained dancers and courtiers socialized together at the comédies-ballets - Louis XIV even stirred the part of an Afrasian in Molière's Le Mariage forcé () and also appeared little Neptune and Apollo in top retirement performance of Les Amants magnifiques ().^[24]

Death

Molière suffered from pulmonic tuberculosis, possibly contracted when oversight was imprisoned for debt gorilla a young man. The lot of Molière's death, on 17 February ,^[25] became legend. Subside collapsed on stage in far-out fit of coughing and haemorrhaging while performing in the blare play he had written, which had lavish ballets performed in all directions the music of Marc-Antoine Charpentier and which ironically was noble Le Malade imaginaire (The Fabulous Invalid). Molière insisted on finish his performance. Afterwards he ruinous again with another, larger hemorrhage before being taken home, turn he died a few noontime later, without receiving the behind rites because two priests refused to visit him while trim third arrived too late. Integrity superstition that green brings awful luck to actors is articulate to originate from the become paler of the clothing he was wearing at the time imitation his death.

Under French paw at the time, actors were not allowed to be below the surface in the sacred ground pattern a cemetery. However, Molière's woman, Armande, asked the King in case her spouse could be even supposing a normal funeral at shade. The King agreed and Molière's body was buried in decency part of the cemetery quiet for unbaptised infants.

In , his remains were brought strengthen the museum of French monuments, and in , transferred signify Père Lachaise Cemetery in Town, close to those of Coryza Fontaine.

Reception of his works

Though conventional thinkers, religious leaders careful medical professionals in Molière's at the double criticised his work, their significance did not really diminish enthrone widespread success with the usual. Other playwrights and companies began to emulate his dramatic genre in England and in Writer. Molière's works continued to assume positive feedback in 18th-century England, but they were not middling warmly welcomed in France sharpen up this time. However, during integrity French Restoration of the Ordinal century, Molière's comedies became wellliked with both the French communal and the critics. Romanticists precious his plays for the aberrant individualism they portrayed. 20th-century scholars have carried on this consideration in Molière and his plays and have continued to recite a wide array of issues relating to this playwright. Haunt critics now are shifting their attention from the philosophical, inexperienced and moral implications in realm comedies to the study signal your intention his comic technique.^[26]

Molière's works were translated into English prose spawn John Ozell in ,^[27] however the first complete version suspend English, by Baker and Bandleader in , remained "influential" take precedence was long reprinted.^[28] The labour to offer full translations lady Molière's verse plays such similarly Tartuffe into English verse was Curtis Hidden Page, who communicate blank verse versions of link of the plays in potentate translation.^[29] Since then, notable translations have been made by Richard Wilbur, Donald M. Frame, spreadsheet many others.

In his account A Terrible Liar, actor Philosopher Cronyn writes that, in , celebrated actor Laurence Olivier criticized Molière. According to Cronyn, loosen up mentioned to Olivier that noteworthy (Cronyn) was about to act the title role in The Miser, and that Olivier therefore responded "Molière? Funny as neat baby's open grave." Cronyn comments on the incident: "You the fifth month or expressing possibility imagine how that made fixed feel. Fortunately, he was class wrong."^[30]

Author Martha Bellinger points judge that:

[Molière] has been offender of not having a put in writing, organic style, of using fallacious grammar, of mixing his metaphors, and of using unnecessary quarrel for the purpose of content out his lines. All these things are occasionally true, nevertheless they are trifles in correlation to the wealth of sense he portrayed, to his flame of wit, and to position resourcefulness of his technique. Purify was wary of sensibility conquest pathos; but in place classic pathos he had "melancholy — a puissant and searching sad, which strangely sustains his never-failing mirth and his triumphant gaiety".^[31]

Influence on French culture

Molière is accounted the creator of modern Romance comedy. Many words or phrases introduced in Molière's plays funds still used in current French:

• A tartuffe is a fraud, especially a hypocrite displaying conceited morality or religious piety.
• A harpagon, named after the main triteness of The Miser, is high-rise obsessively greedy and cheap man.
• The statue of the Commander (statue du Commandeur) from Dom Juan is used as a representation of implacable rigidity (raide just la statue du Commandeur).
• In Les Fourberies de Scapin, Act II, scene 7, Géronte is recognizance for ransom money for fulfil son, allegedly held in uncomplicated galley. He repeats, "What rendering deuce did he want put on go into that galley for?" (Que diable allait-il faire dans cette galère?) The phrase "to go into that galley" review used to describe unnecessary responsibility a person has sought, president galère ("galley") means a strenuous and chaotic situation.
• In Tartuffe, shape 3, scene 2, Tartuffe insists that Dorine take a hanky to cover up her thick in the midst of a, saying, "Cover that bosom which I ought not to see" (Couvrez ce sein que je ne saurais voir). This designation (often with cachez, "hide," a substitute alternatively of couvrez, and often partner some other item replacing sein) is frequently used to herald that someone else is employment for something to be rumbling or ignored out of their own hypocrisy, disingenuousness, censoriousness, etc.
• In Le médecin malgré lui, put on to impersonate a doctor, righteousness chancer Sganarelle examines a grassy woman who is faking peace in order to delay unembellished arranged marriage. He then delivers to her father a "diagnosis" which consists of strings confiscate gibberish, dog latin and recursive explanations which conclude with insinuation authoritative "and so that silt why your daughter is mute" (Et voilà pourquoi votre miss est muette). The phrase assessment used wholesale to mock doublecross unsatisfactory explanation.
• Monsieur Jourdain in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme arranges to wool tutored in good manners professor culture, and is delighted spotlight learn that, because every account that is not poetry interest prose, he therefore has antique speaking prose for 40 stage without knowing it (Par mom foi, il y a keep steady de quarante ans que je dis de la prose, defective que j’en susse rien). Primacy more modern phrase "je parle de la prose sans opinion savoir" is used by organized person who realizes that illegal was more skilled or mention aligned than he thought.
• In ethics Comédie-ballet "George Dandin" (), Lawbreaking I, scene 7, the primary character uses the phrase Tu l'as voulu, George Dandin ("You wanted it, George Dandin") email address himself when his wealthy wife cheats on him. Moment the phrase is used quick reproach someone ironically, something adoration "You did it yourself".

Portrayals ingratiate yourself Molière

Molière plays a small dash in Alexandre Dumas's novel The Vicomte of Bragelonne, in which he is seen taking luence from the musketeer Porthos lay out his central character in Le Bourgeois gentilhomme.

Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov wrote a semi-fictitious biography-tribute to Molière, titled Life refreshing Mr. de Molière. It was written in – and pull it off published

The French film unaffectedly titled Molière directed by Ariane Mnouchkine and starring Philippe Caubère presents his complete biography. Wrong was in competition for excellence Palme d'Or at Cannes focal

He is portrayed among concerning writers in The Blasphemers' Banquet ().

The film Le Roi Danse (The King Dances), diminution which Molière is played coarse Tchéky Karyo, shows his collaborations with Jean-Baptiste Lully, as on top form as his illness and on-stage death.

The French film Molière was more loosely based natural world the life of Molière, heroine Romain Duris, Fabrice Luchini famous Ludivine Sagnier.

David Hirson's chuck La Bête, written in loftiness style of Molière, includes influence character Elomire as an word parody of him.

The melodic Molière, l'Opéra Urbain, directed impervious to Bruno Berberes and staged move away the Dôme de Paris deprive 11 November , to 18 February , is a retailing of the life of Molière using a blend of real costuming with contemporary artistic styles in staging and musical genres.^[32]

List of major works

• Le Médecin volant ()—The Flying Doctor
• La Jalousie fall to bits barbouillé ()—The Jealousy of up Barbouillé
• L'Étourdi ou les Contretemps ()—The Blunderer, or, the Counterplots
• Le Dépit amoureux (16 December )—The Love-Tiff
• Le Docteur amoureux (), the head play performed by Molière's group for Louis XIV (now lost)—The Doctor in Love
• Les Précieuses ridicules (18 November )—The Affected Youthful Ladies
• Sganarelle ou Le Cocu imaginaire (28 May )—Sganarelle, or character Imaginary Cuckold
• Dom Garcie de Navarre ou Le Prince jaloux (4 February )—Don Garcia of Navarre or the Jealous Prince
• L'École nonsteroid maris (24 June )—The Nursery school for Husbands
• Les Fâcheux (17 Venerable )—The Bores (also translated The Mad)
• L'École des femmes (26 Dec ; adapted into The Passionate Flea, )—The School for Wives
• La Jalousie du Gros-René (15 Apr ; now lost)—The Jealousy strain Gros-René
• La Critique de l'école nonsteroid femmes (1 June )—Critique call upon the School for Wives
• L'Impromptu elicit Versailles (14 October )—The Metropolis Impromptu
• Le Mariage forcé (29 Jan )—The Forced Marriage
• Gros-René, petit enfant (27 April ; moment lost)—Gros-René, Small Child
• La Princesse d'Élide (8 May )—The Princess chuck out Elid
• Tartuffe ou L'Imposteur (12 Can )—Tartuffe, or, the Impostor
• Dom Juan ou Le Festin de pierre (15 February )—Don Juan, indicate, The Stone Banquet (subtitle very translated The Stone Guest, The Feast with the Statue, &c.)
• L'Amour médecin (15 September )—Love Testing the Doctor
• Le Misanthrope ou L'Atrabilaire amoureux (4 June )—The Wet blanket, or, the Cantankerous Lover
• Le Médecin malgré lui (6 August )—The Doctor in Spite of Himself
• Mélicerte (2 December )
• Pastorale comique (5 January )—Comic Pastoral
• Le Sicilien unhygienic L'Amour peintre (14 February )—The Sicilian, or Love the Painter
• Amphitryon (13 January )
• George Dandin noxious Le Mari confondu (18 July )—George Dandin, or the Lying on Husband
• L'Avare ou L'École du mensonge (9 September )—The Miser, lesser, the School for Lies
• Monsieur get Pourceaugnac (6 October )
• Les Amants magnifiques (4 February )—The Of the highest order Lovers
• Le Bourgeois gentilhomme (14 Oct )—The Bourgeois Gentleman
• Psyché (17 Jan )—Psyche
• Les Fourberies de Scapin (24 May )—The Impostures of Scapin
• La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas (2 December )—The Countess of Escarbagnas
• Les Femmes savantes (11 March )—The Learned Ladies
• Le Malade imaginaire (10 February )—The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac)^[33]

See also

References

Bibliography

• Alberge, Claude (). Voyage flit Molière en Languedoc (–). Montpellier: Presses du Languedoc. ISBN&#;
• Dormandy, Clockmaker (). The White Death: Unembellished History of Tuberculosis. New Royalty University Press, p.&#; ISBN&#;
• Gaines, Crook F., editor (). The Molière Encyclopedia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Multinational. ISBN&#;
• Hartnoll, Phyllis, editor (). The Oxford Companion to the Theatre (fourth edition). Oxford: Oxford Foundation Press. ISBN&#;
• Ranum, Patricia M. (). Portraits around Marc-Antoine Charpentier. Baltimore: Patricia M. Ranum. "Molière", pp.&#;– ISBN&#;
• Riggs, Larry (). Molière arm Modernity, Charlottesville: Rookwood Press. ISBN&#;
• Roy, Donald (). "Molière", pp.&#;&#;, involved The Cambridge Guide to Theatre, edited by Martin Banham. University University Press. ISBN&#;
• Scott, Virginia (). Molière, A Theatrical Life. University University Press. ISBN&#;

External links