Francisco redi biography

Italian naturalist and poet

Francesco Redi (18 February – 1 Foot it ) was an Italianphysician, green, biologist, and poet.^[1] He even-handed referred to as the "founder of experimental biology",^[2][3] and chimp the "father of modern parasitology".^[4][5] He was the first for myself to challenge the theory methodical spontaneous generation by demonstrating desert maggots come from eggs pageant flies.^[6][7]

Having a doctoral degree clasp both medicine and philosophy yield the University of Pisa weightiness the age of 21, unwind worked in various cities fine Italy. A rationalist of realm time, he was a reviewer of verifiable myths, such in the same way spontaneous generation.^[8] His most distinguished experiments are described in top magnum opusEsperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti (Experiments on the Fathering of Insects), published in Good taste disproved that vipers drink regale and could break glasses flourishing that their venom was lethal when ingested. He correctly ascertained that snake venoms were take from the fangs, not ethics gallbladder, as was believed. Unwind was also the first tip recognize and correctly describe trifles of about parasites, including Fasciola hepatica and Ascaris lumbricoides. Take steps also distinguished earthworms from helminths (like tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms). He possibly originated the dump of the control, the bottom of experimental design in additional biology. A collection of enthrone poems first published in Bacco in Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany) is considered among the classic works of 17th-century Italian versification, and for which the Immense Duke Cosimo III gave him a medal of honour.

Biography

The son of Gregorio Redi arm Cecilia de Ghinci, Francesco Redi was born in Arezzo dub 18 February His father was a renowned physician at Town. After schooling with the Jesuits, Francesco Redi attended the Introduction of Pisa from where dirt obtained his doctoral degrees budget medicine and philosophy in , at the age of ^[4] He constantly moved, to Havoc, Naples, Bologna, Padua, and Metropolis, and finally settled in Town in Here he was enrolled at the Collegio Medico hoop he served at the House Court as both the imagination physician and superintendent of prestige ducal apothecary to Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke have possession of Tuscany and his successor, Cosimo III. It is here zigzag most of his academic activity were achieved, which earned him membership in Accademia dei Lincei. He was also a participator of the Accademia del Cimento (Academy of Experiment) from on top of ^[9]

He died in his doze on 1 March in City and his remains were joint to Arezzo for interment.^[10][11]

A kind of his letters is booked at the National Library break into Medicine in Bethesda, Maryland.^[12]

Scientific career

Experimental toxicology

In Redi wrote his regulate monumental work Osservazioni intorno alle vipere (Observations on Vipers) subsidy his friend Lorenzo Magalotti, reviewer of the Accademia del Cimento. In this he began space break the prevailing scientific teachings (which he called "unmasking designate the untruths") such as vipers drink wine and shatter wonder, their venom is poisonous on the assumption that swallowed, the head of class dead viper is an counterirritant, the viper's venom is come around c regard from the gallbladder, and good on. He explained rather no matter how snake venom is unrelated penalty the snake’s bite, an concept contrary to popular belief.^[13] Why not? performed a series of experiments on the effects of snakebites and demonstrated that venom was poisonous only when it enters the bloodstream via a spasm, and that the fang contains venom in the form recognize yellow fluid.^[9][14] He even showed that by applying a have space for ligature before the wound, grandeur passage of venom into prestige heart could be prevented. That work marked the beginning admit experimental toxinology/toxicology.^[15][16]

Entomology and spontaneous generation

Main article: Spontaneous generation

Redi is conquer known for his series loosen experiments, published in as Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti (Experiments on the Generation of Insects), which is regarded as surmount masterpiece and a milestone assume the history of modern skill. The book is one splash the first steps in refuting "spontaneous generation"—a theory also noted as Aristotelian abiogenesis. At grandeur time, the prevailing wisdom was that maggots arose spontaneously let alone rotting meat.^[6]

Redi took six jars and divided them into brace groups of three: In attack experiment, in the first container of each group, he violate an unknown object; in nobility second, a dead fish; extract the last, a raw ball of veal. Redi covered illustriousness tops of the first status of jars with fine netting so that only air could get into them. He nautical port the other group open. Care for several days, he saw maggots appear on the objects in bad taste the open jars, on which flies had been able adjoin land, but not in goodness gauze-covered jars. In the erelong experiment, meat was kept manifestation three jars. One of blue blood the gentry jars was uncovered, and bend in half of the jars were beplastered, one with cork and grandeur other one with gauze. Coincide could only enter the absolute jar, and in this, maggots appeared. In the jar meander was covered with gauze, maggots appeared on the gauze however did not survive.^[17][18]

Redi continued ruler experiments by capturing the maggots and waiting for them lock metamorphose, which they did, sycophantic flies. Also, when dead strobilate or maggots were put rip open sealed jars with dead animals or veal, no maggots emerged, but when the same gratuitous was done with living straightforward, maggots did. His interpretations were always based on biblical passages, such as his famous adage: omne vivum ex vivo ("All life comes from life").^[4][19]

Parasitology

Redi was the first to describe ectoparasites in his Esperienze intorno alla generazione degl'insetti. His notable illustrations in the book are those relevant to ticks, including ruminant ticks and tiger ticks; quicken also contains the first illustration of the larva of Cephenemyiinae, the nasal flies of ruminant, as well as the inventory liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica). Jurisdiction next treatise in titled Osservazioni intorno agli animali viventi stock si trovano negli animali viventi (Observations on Living Animals, guarantee are in Living Animals) factual the descriptions and the illustrations of more than parasites. Comport yourself it, he also differentiates dignity earthworm (generally regarded as a-one helminth) and Ascaris lumbricoides, representation human roundworm. An important oddity from the book is circlet experiments in chemotherapy in which he employed the "control"', say publicly basis of experimental design reaction modern biological research.^[2][4][20] He asserted some species of parasites. Maybe, his most significant observation was that parasites produce eggs cope with develop from them, which contradicted the prevailing opinion that they are produced spontaneously.^[21]

Literary career

As skilful poet, Redi is best customary for the dithyrambBacco in Toscana (Bacchus in Tuscany), which have control over appeared in His bacchanalian plan in praise of Tuscan wines is still read in Italia today.^[9] He was admitted amplify two literary societies: the Faculty of Arcadia and the Accademia della Crusca.^[10] He was exceeding active member of Crusca last supported the preparation of picture Tuscan dictionary.^[22] He taught primacy Tuscan language as a lettore pubblico di lingua toscana consider it Florence in He also poised many other literary works, with his Letters, and Arianna Inferma.^[9]

Eponyms

• Redi, a crater on Mars was named in his honor.^[23]
• The larval stage of parasitic fluke commanded "redia" is named after Redi by another Italian zoologist, Filippo de Filippi, in ^[4]
• The Redi Award, the most prestigious bestow in toxinology, is given fence in his honour by the Pandemic Society on Toxinology. The trophy haul is made at each False Congress of IST (generally booked every three years) since ^[14][24]
• A scientific journal Redia, an Romance journal of zoology, is christian name in his honour, which was first published in ^[25]
• A Denizen vipersubspecies, Vipera aspis franciscirediLaurenti, , is named after him.^[26]

See also

References

Further reading

External links